A2.2 Network architecture

Network topologies—such as star, mesh, and hybrid—are chosen based on factors like reliability, speed, scalability, and cost, with different configurations suited for environments ranging from home offices to large institutions. Servers (HL only), including DNS, DHCP, and file servers, each serve distinct roles in managing network resources and must be evaluated for function, scalability, reliability, and security. Networking models such as client-server and peer-to-peer differ in control, resource sharing, and scalability, with applications in services like email, web browsing, file sharing, and blockchain technologies. Network segmentation—including subnetting and VLANs—improves performance, reduces congestion, and enhances security by logically separating traffic and managing resources more efficiently.